With the progress of society, the public's awareness of energy conservation, environmental protection and carbon reduction is increasing, the improvement of battery life, convenient stores to provide battery replacement services and the establishment of charging columns and other favorable conditions, which has prompted the public to accept the purchase of electric locomotives. The general definition of electric locomotives is: Extreme speed of less than 50km/h, on the slope, the maximum slope of the general urban road is about 5 ~ 60 degrees, the underground parking lot is about 120 degrees to the ground, the mountain slope is about 8 ~ 90 degrees, in the case of slope 80 degrees, more than 10 kilometers per hour for the basic needs of electric locomotives. Electric locomotive power system composition is mainly: Power system controller, motor controller, permanent magnet synchronous motor & DC brushless motor, DC power converter, battery management system, car charger, rechargeable battery, etc., Many manufacturers now introduce permanent magnet synchronous motor & DC brushless motor, with low speed and high torque, carbon brush free maintenance, far endurance and other advantages. Both the electric locomotive and the power motor system must meet the Ministry of Transportation light bicycle standards, or relevant regulatory requirements.

 

Electric locomotive complete vehicle reference specification:

CNS3103 machine bicycle running test method general

CNS3107 machine bicycle acceleration test method

Gb17761-1999 General technical conditions for electric bicycles

JIS-D1034-1999 Test method for braking of motor bicycles

GB3565-2005 Safety requirements for bicycles

 

Electric locomotive motor or brushless DC motor citation specification:

CNS14386-9 Electric motor bicycle-Test method for power output of motor and controller connection for vehicles

GB/T 21418-2008 Permanent magnet brushless motor system general technical conditions

IEC60034-1 Rating and Performance of rotating motors (GB755)

GJB 1863-1994_ General Specification for brushless DC motors

GJB 5248-2004 General specification for brushless DC motor drivers

GJB 783-1989 micromotor industry standard drive specification

QB/T 2946-2008 Electric bicycle motor and controller

QMG-J52.040-2008 Brushless DC motor

SJ 20344-2002 General specification for brushless DC torque motors

 

Environmental tests are mainly based on specifications:

IEC60068-2, GJB150

 

Applicable test equipment:

1.High and low temperature test chamber

2. High and low temperature humidity test chamber

3. Industrial Oven

4. Rapid temperature cycle test chamber

 

Test Specification of LCD Display

    LCD Display, full name of Liquid Crystal Display, is a flat display technology. It mainly uses liquid crystal materials to control the transmission and blocking of light, so as to achieve the display of images. The structure of the LCD usually includes two parallel glass substrates, with a liquid crystal box in the middle, and the polarized light of each pixel is controlled by the rotation direction of the liquid crystal molecules through the voltage, so as to achieve the purpose of imaging. LCD displays are widely used in TV, computer monitors, mobile phones, tablet computers and other devices.

    At present, the common liquid crystal display devices are Twisted Nematic (TN), Super Twisted Nematic (Super Twisted Nematic), STN), DSTN(Double layer TN) and color Thin Film Transistors (TFT). The first three kinds of manufacturing basic principles are the same, become passive matrix liquid crystal, and TFT is more complex, because of the retention of memory, and called active matrix liquid crystal.

    Due to liquid crystal display has the advantages of small space, thin panel thickness, light weight, flat right-angle display, low power consumption, no electromagnetic radiation, no thermal radiation, it gradually replaces the traditional CRT image tube monitor.

LCD displays basically have four display modes: reflection, reflection transmission conversion, projection, transmission.

(1) The reflection type liquid crystal display itself does not emit light, through the light source in the space into the LCD panel, and then by its reflective plate will reflect the light to the eyes of people;

(2) The reflection transmission conversion type can be used as a reflection type when the light source in the space is sufficient, and the light source in the space is used as lighting when the light is not enough;

(3) Projection type is to use the principle of similar movie playback, the use of projected light department to project the image displayed by the liquid crystal display to the remote larger screen;

(4) The transmission type liquid crystal display completely uses the hidden light source as lighting.

Relevant Test Conditions:

 

Item	Temperature	Time	Other
High temperature storage	60℃,30%RH	120 hours	Note 1
Low temperature storage	-20℃	120 hours	Note 1
High temperature and high humidity	40℃,95%RH  (non-invasive)	120 hours	Note 1
High-temperature operation	40℃,30%RH.	120 hours	Standard voltage
Temperature shock	-20℃(30min)↓25℃(10min)↓20℃(30min)↓25℃(10min)	10cycle	Note 1
Mechanical vibration	—	—	Frequency: 5-500hz, acceleration: 1.0g, amplitude: 1.0mm, duration: 15mins, twice in X,Y,Z direction.
Item	Temperature	Time	Other
Note 1: The tested module should be placed at normal (15 ~ 35℃,45 ~ 65%RH) for one hour before testing

 

 

Tuck point saw blades must be used in strict accordance with the specifications in order to make the saw blades play their best performance:

1. Tuck point saw blades of different specifications and uses have different design cutter head angles and base forms, and try to use them according to their corresponding occasions;

2. The size and shape and position accuracy of the main shaft and the splint of the equipment have a great influence on the use effect, and should be checked and adjusted before installing the tuck point saw blades. In particular, the factors that affect the clamping force and cause displacement and slippage on the contact surface of the splint and the saw blade must be excluded;

3. Pay attention to the working condition of the tuck point saw blades at any time. If there is any abnormality, such as vibration, noise, and material feeding on the processing surface, it must be stopped and adjusted in time, and repaired in time to maintain peak profits;

4. The tuck point saw blades must not change its original angle to avoid local sudden heating and cooling of the blade head, it is best to ask professional grinding;

5. The tuck point saw blades that is not used temporarily should be hung vertically to avoid laying flat for a long time, and should not be piled on it, and the cutter head should be protected and not allowed to collide.

The material of the substrate of the concrete cutting saw blade must have a certain strength, and at the same time not be too soft. In the cutting work, the diamond saw blade will be strongly vibrated in use, because the cutter head is thicker than the base body, and there is a certain gap between the base body and the material to be cut during use. Fatigue fracture, the matrix must have a certain plastic toughness and higher fatigue limit and elastic limit, in order to play a role in mitigating impact and absorbing vibration, thereby improving the working efficiency of concrete cutting saw blades.



Due to the characteristics of the concrete cutting saw blade, the selection of the base of the concrete cutting saw blade is more stringent. The selection skills of the diamond saw blade base are nothing more than these two: First, select the grinding wheel with the larger particle size. , softer teeth can be selected. After cooling with cold water, grind again, dry grinding for 1-2 hours; second, the fine grinding degree of diamond should be calculated well and kept well under the progress of shape. Using these two skills, it is much easier to choose a diamond saw blade substrate with plastic toughness, fatigue limit, and elastic limit.



The matrix of the concrete cutting saw blade should have a certain plastic toughness and high fatigue limit and elastic limit. From the technical standard requirements, for the elastic limit, take the diamond saw blade with 65Mn as the matrix material as an example, its heat treatment There are two ways: quenching and tempering at medium temperature, but quenching is easy to deform and crack for the matrix of the diamond saw blade. Therefore, in the heat treatment process of the diamond saw blade substrate, the understanding and mastery of these two methods should be strengthened to reduce the impact on the mechanical properties of the diamond saw blade substrate.

The matrix of the concrete cutting saw blade plays the main role of bonding the cutter head, and the mechanical properties of the matrix also have a great influence on its quality and performance. Therefore, whether it is the choice of the substrate of the concrete cutting saw blade or the heat treatment process, the role of the substrate cannot be ignored.

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1. Please check carefully before installing the diamond grinding cup wheel to confirm whether the cutting wheel is deformed, cracked, chipped, etc.

2. When the flange is too small or the precision is poor, it is easy to damage the diamond grinding cup wheel, and it should be used after improvement.

3. When the diamond grinding cup wheel is marked with the rotation direction, it should be consistent with the mechanical rotation direction. On the contrary, the cutting is not sharp, and it is difficult to exert the performance of the diamond grinding cup wheel.

4. If a diamond grinding cup wheel that does not match the workpiece to be cut is used, abnormal wear, poor sharpness, and abnormal heat are likely to occur.

5. If any abnormality is found during the processing, it should be stopped immediately.

6. During the rotation of the diamond grinding cup wheel, it is strictly forbidden to use manual operation for processing, and it is not allowed to touch the grinding wheel with hands and body.

Paying more attention to the above points in processing can effectively improve the processing efficiency and quality of diamond grinding cup wheels, do you remember?

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When the traditional demolition construction is powerless, the advanced reinforced concrete cutting method is safe, efficient and environmentally friendly. Concrete cutting refers to the use of hydraulic wall saws to cut and separate buildings, cement, ground and walls, so as to achieve the cutting effect. Concrete cutting includes: manual cutting, diamond saw blade cutting, and diamond wire saw cutting.

First, the characteristics of concrete mechanical cutting:

1. The capacity is reasonable, the construction efficiency is low, and the pollution is small.
2. The demolition and construction efficiency is high and will not affect the surrounding
3. The cutting effect is remarkable and will not cause any impact on the building structure.

Second, the preparation before the concrete cutting
1. The conventional rated voltage of concrete cutting power tools is 220V. Before operation, you must check whether the power supply is 220V. If wrongly connected to a 380VA power supply, it will be very
Oops.
2. Before starting work, be sure to carefully check the performance of the cutting equipment to ensure the integrity of the mechanical parts.
3. Electric knife switch, saw blade tightness, saw blade cover, safety baffle, etc. need to be carefully checked by construction personnel, the console needs to be stable, and there must be enough lighting at night, remember
Concrete cutting construction should not be carried out in a dark environment.
4. Before the construction starts, the construction personnel first turn on the main switch, test the flywheel in the air for a few laps, and then start the work after confirming the safety.

Three, construction requirements:
1. Professional personnel must operate the cutting equipment.
2. The power supply must be placed in a safe location to prevent electric shock.
3. After starting the concrete cutting machine, the operator should first run it with no load to ensure that the saw blade is running in the correct direction.
4. The cutting thickness cannot exceed the specified limit. If abnormal noise occurs when the concrete cutting machine is working, the operator should stop the machine immediately to check, and then continue the operation after the fault is eliminated.

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Usually, large stones are used as floor tiles. In fact, the unique patterns and beautiful luster of natural stones are also a good choice for decoration. So, what are the advantages of stone cut by marble saw blades as decorative materials?

1. Stone has the characteristics of better comprehensiveness. Different from traditional wooden decorative materials, stone can increase the natural atmosphere of the room and increase the layering of the room.

2. The corrosion resistance of the stone cut by the marble saw blade is better than that of ordinary decorative materials, and it is safer and healthier.

3. High-quality stone can be carved or polished to produce different styles and shapes, which can also increase the variability of the room.

4. Stone can also be used in combination with other decorative materials to increase the decorative effect of the room.

The above are the advantages of the stone cut by the marble saw blade as a decorative material, so that there will be no confusion when choosing home improvement materials!

For more details about diamond saw blade or polishing tool,contact us

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Bridge cutting, pier cutting, professional concrete cutting and demolition, bridge cutting and demolition, building cutting and demolition, large-scale foundation cutting and demolition, etc. Reinforced concrete cutting, concrete static cutting, large-scale reinforced concrete cutting and demolition, foundation cutting and demolition, wire saw cutting and demolition technology, Reinforced concrete cutting and demolition is an organic combination of reinforced concrete static cutting method and hoisting equipment to complete the demolition task;

It relies on diamond tools (Diamond wire saw, Diamond drill core bits, Diamond concrete saw blade) to grind and cut the reinforced concrete according to the specified position under the action of high-speed motion, thereby dividing the concrete into two parts. This is the world's more advanced vibration-free, The non-destructive cutting and dismantling method can be cut in any direction, and the cutting is not limited by the size, shape and cutting depth of the body to be cut.

It is widely used in the cutting of large-scale reinforced concrete components, bridge cutting and demolition, dock cutting and demolition, large-scale foundation cutting and demolition, etc. The Diamond wire saw cutting concrete technology is the most advanced non-vibration and non-damage cutting and demolition tool in the world.

For more details about diamond saw blade or polishing tool,contact us

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Introduction

Flu vaccines play a critical role in protecting individuals from influenza. However, their effectiveness hinges on proper storage and handling. Exposure to temperatures outside the recommended range can compromise vaccine potency, potentially rendering them ineffective. This article explores how long flu vaccines can stay out of the refrigerator and offers guidance for different vaccine types.

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Types of Flu Vaccines and Their Storage Requirements

Flu vaccines come in different formulations, each with unique storage needs. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for maintaining their efficacy:

1. Inactivated Influenza Vaccines (IIV)

   • These vaccines must be stored at temperatures between +2°C and +8°C and should never be frozen.
   • They can tolerate room temperature briefly, typically for no more than 30 minutes.

2. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines (LAIV)

   • Highly sensitive to temperature changes, LAIV must also be kept at +2°C to +8°C.
   • Exposure to room temperature should not exceed 15 minutes.

3. Recombinant Influenza Vaccines (RIV)

   • RIVs share similar storage requirements (+2°C to +8°C) and are slightly more tolerant of room temperature.
   • However, they should not remain at room temperature for more than 1 hour.

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General Storage Requirements for Flu Vaccines

Proper storage is key to preserving vaccine potency.

1. Temperature Range
   All flu vaccines should be stored in a refrigerator maintained at +2°C to +8°C. Freezing can cause irreversible damage.

2. Storage Equipment
   Use medical-grade refrigerators equipped with temperature monitoring systems. Minimize door openings to maintain a stable environment.

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Impact of Room Temperature on Different Flu Vaccines

1. Inactivated Influenza Vaccines (IIV)
   IIVs are relatively stable but should not remain at room temperature (around 22°C) for more than 2 hours. Prolonged exposure reduces their effectiveness.

2. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines (LAIV)
   LAIVs are highly sensitive; they can only tolerate room temperature for up to 15 minutes. Longer exposure may result in the loss of potency.

3. Recombinant Influenza Vaccines (RIV)
   RIVs can withstand room temperature for up to 1 hour but should be refrigerated immediately to ensure maximum efficacy.

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Common Scenarios and Proper Handling

1. Short-Term Transportation

   • Use insulated coolers with ice packs to maintain the required temperature range.
   • Limit transportation time:
     • IIV: Up to 2 hours.
     • LAIV: Less than 30 minutes.
     • RIV: Maintain cold chain at all times.

2. Temporary Storage Before Administration

   • If vaccines need to be out briefly, keep them in a cooler or ice pack.
   • Record the time and temperature to ensure they remain within safe limits.

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How to Handle Improperly Stored Vaccines

1. Inspect the Vaccine

   • Check for signs of temperature breaches using indicators or monitoring devices.
   • Consult the vaccine manufacturer or medical professionals to determine usability.

2. Specific Guidelines by Vaccine Type

   • IIV: Discard if exposure exceeds 2 hours.
   • LAIV: Discard after any prolonged room temperature exposure.
   • RIV: Assess the duration and conditions of exposure before use.

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Prevention and Recommendations

1. Regular Equipment Maintenance

   • Ensure refrigerators and monitoring systems function correctly.

2. Staff Training

   • Train healthcare providers on the unique handling requirements for different vaccine types.

3. Backup Cold Chain Systems

   • Utilize portable cold chain equipment for emergencies, ensuring vaccines remain within the recommended temperature range.

The Ultimate Guide to Liquid Nitrogen Containers: Essential for Cryogenic Storage of Biological Samples

  A Liquid Nitrogen Container is a specialized device used to store and transport liquid nitrogen, a cryogenic liquid with a temperature of around -196°C. These containers are commonly made from high-strength metals or other low-temperature-resistant materials and are designed with superior insulation to keep liquid nitrogen in its liquid state for extended periods. Liquid nitrogen containers are essential tools in various industries, including laboratories, medical fields, and industrial applications.

1. What is Liquid Nitrogen?

Liquid nitrogen (LN₂) is the liquid form of nitrogen gas (N₂) when cooled to extremely low temperatures, reaching a liquefaction point of approximately -196°C (-320°F). It is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic. However, due to its extreme cold, contact with liquid nitrogen can cause frostbite or other cold-related injuries.

 

2. How Do Liquid Nitrogen Containers Work?

1. Liquid nitrogen containers maintain the nitrogen in its liquid state by keeping it at low temperatures, preventing it from vaporizing. Key features of these containers include:
2. Double-Layer Structure: The container typically has an inner and outer layer, with an insulating material (such as vacuum, foam, or other heat-resistant materials) between them. This design helps minimize heat transfer, slowing down the evaporation of liquid nitrogen.
3. Evaporation System: Inside the container, liquid nitrogen gradually turns into gaseous nitrogen. To prevent dangerous pressure buildup, liquid nitrogen containers are equipped with a pressure release valve to maintain stability.
4. Long-Term Temperature Retention: The inner container’s insulation ensures that the liquid nitrogen remains in a stable, liquid form for a prolonged period, reducing evaporation rates.

 

3. Key Functions of Liquid Nitrogen Containers

1. Temperature Retention: With their strong insulation materials and vacuum layers, liquid nitrogen containers effectively reduce evaporation, extending the amount of time the liquid nitrogen can be used.
2. Sample Storage and Transport: These containers are designed to safely store and transport temperature-sensitive samples across various fields, ensuring that biological samples, food, and materials like metals remain unaffected by temperature fluctuations during transit.
3. Convenience and Safety: Equipped with safety valves and temperature control systems, modern liquid nitrogen containers are user-friendly and designed to ensure safety during operation. They make adding and removing liquid nitrogen both easy and secure.

 

4. Applications of Liquid Nitrogen in Biological Sample Cryopreservation

Cell Cryopreservation

• Stem Cells: Preserved for regenerative medicine and clinical treatments.
• Cancer Cells: Used in drug screening and genetic research.
• Immune Cells: T cells and B cells for use in immunotherapy.
• Cultured Cells: Fibroblasts, liver cells, and nerve cells for research and vaccine production.
•  
• 

Tissue Cryopreservation

• Skin Tissue: For transplantation and burn treatment.
• Bone Marrow Tissue: Essential for hematopoietic stem cell transplants and blood disease therapies.
• Organ Samples: Liver, heart, and kidney tissues for research and transplant applications.
•  
• 

Cryopreservation of Sperm and Oocytes

• Sperm: Used for male infertility, sperm banks, and animal germplasm preservation.
• Oocytes: For female infertility, egg banks, and delaying fertility.
•  

Embryo Cryopreservation

• In Vitro Fertilization Embryos: Used for later transfer, increasing success rates.
• Embryo Sex Selection: Applied in preventing genetic diseases and gender selection.
• Genetic Research: Crucial for gene editing and genetic screening.
•  

  Liquid nitrogen containers are vital for the preservation of biological samples in cryogenic conditions, maintaining their integrity for research, medical applications, and long-term storage. The ability to safely store and transport these samples ensures that vital materials remain viable for future use.