As a leading automotive parts manufacturer with over 30 years of expertise, FENGYU has earned trust in rack end production, delivering precision and reliability to the global aftermarket. Specializing in steering components, we offer a comprehensive range of rack ends designed to fit 90% of vehicle brands—including Japanese, Korean, American, and European models—making us the top choice for Honda rack ends, Ford steering rack ends, Chevrolet rack ends, Nissan rack ends, and Dodge rack ends, among others.

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Built for Precision: Quality Materials & Engineering​

At FENGYU, every rack end is engineered to ensure smooth, responsive steering, starting with premium materials. Our steering rack ends feature high-strength alloy steel bodies, forged for exceptional durability to withstand the rigors of daily driving, sharp turns, and rough terrains. The critical ball joint assembly in each rack end, precision-machined for tight tolerances, ensures consistent rotation, eliminating steering play and enhancing control—key to maintaining vehicle safety on all road conditions.

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To protect internal components, our rack ends are equipped with EPDM rubber dust boots, resistant to oil, heat, and corrosion. These boots shield the rack end’s core parts against dirt, moisture, and road debris, a vital design choice that extends the product’s lifespan even in harsh environments (such as rainy climates or dusty off-road areas). Hardware for our rack ends, including studs and nuts, is forged from high-tensile steel, guaranteeing secure installation and long-term stability—even under heavy steering loads during frequent acceleration or braking.

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Tailored for Your Business: OEM/ODM Flexibility​

Understanding the aftermarket’s diverse needs, FENGYU offers flexible customization to elevate your brand’s rack end offerings. Choose from finishes like silver or black oxide coating for rack ends (ideal for matching different vehicle undercarriage aesthetics or enhancing corrosion resistance). Add laser-etched logos or part numbers to your rack ends for easy brand recognition, or opt for personalized packaging—from branded color boxes (perfect for retail display) to custom polybags (for cost-effective bulk storage).

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With a low MOQ of 100 pieces per rack end model, we make it easy for distributors, wholesalers, and importers to access tailored solutions without large inventory commitments. Backed by competitive factory-direct pricing, our customization services help you stand out in the market while keeping costs manageable—whether you’re catering to local repair shops or global automotive chains.

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Quality You Can Depend On: Testing & Certifications​

Quality is the cornerstone of FENGYU’s rack ends. Every unit undergoes rigorous testing, from raw material inspections (to ensure alloy steel purity) to pre-shipment audits. We validate rack end dimensional accuracy (to match OE fitment standards), ball joint rotation smoothness (to avoid steering stiffness), torque resistance (to handle heavy loads), and corrosion resistance (to withstand salt, humidity, and chemicals). All tests meet or exceed OE standards, ensuring consistent performance across every rack end we produce.

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Our commitment to quality is reinforced by IATF 16949 and ISO 9001 certifications—global benchmarks for automotive manufacturing. When you choose FENGYU rack ends, you’re choosing a product that’s been rigorously validated for safety, durability, and reliability, giving you and your customers peace of mind.

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Supported by Expertise & Reliable Service​

We stand behind our rack ends with a robust warranty and responsive support. All rack end products come with a comprehensive warranty, and our after-sales team is ready to assist with any concerns: simply share photos or videos of issues, and we’ll promptly resolve them with refunds or replacements in your next rack end order.

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With 30+ years of export experience, we ensure timely delivery for your rack end orders. Our ready stock of 100,000+ rack end units enables quick turnaround (often within 3–5 business days for in-stock models), while custom rack end orders are fulfilled within 30–45 days—keeping your supply chain running smoothly, even during peak demand seasons.

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Partner with FENGYU for Steering Excellence​

Whether you need Honda Civic rack ends, Ford F-150 steering rack ends, or solutions for other popular models, FENGYU combines quality, flexibility, and expertise to support your business. We don’t just supply rack ends—we build partnerships, helping you stay competitive in the automotive aftermarket by delivering products that meet your customers’ high standards.

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Looking for a trusted rack end supplier? Contact FENGYU today to explore our range, discuss customization for your rack end needs, and grow with parts built for precision.

Traditionally, ice storage is thought to only balance grid loads by shifting energy use from peak to off-peak hours. However, H.Stars’ innovative ice storage all-in-one unit breaks this stereotype, offering more versatile and cost-effective advantages.

This all-in-one ice storage unit serves a wide range of applications. In industrial refrigeration processes, it precisely controls water temperatures, ensuring stable operation in temperature-sensitive production stages—boosting product quality and efficiency. For air conditioning systems, its value shines: by making ice during off-peak (lower-cost) night hours and releasing cold energy during peak daytime, it not only cuts operating costs but also enhances AC performance, delivering a more comfortable and stable indoor environment. Additionally, the unit reduces required installed capacity, eliminating the need for businesses to invest heavily in large-scale refrigeration equipment and slashing initial construction costs.

Economically, the all-in-one unit’s advantages stand out. While peak shaving reduces electricity bills, its integrated design combines multiple functions, shrinking footprint and lowering installation, commissioning, and long-term maintenance costs. Previously, achieving these functions might have required multiple separate devices—costly to purchase, with complex coordination and management between them. Now, one all-in-one ice storage unit handles it all.

H.Stars’ ice storage all-in-one chiller, with its multi-purpose technology, offers a new refrigeration solution for industrial and commercial sectors. It redefines ice storage beyond a single function, maximizing economic benefits through integration. Whether for energy-conscious enterprises or spaces demanding high AC comfort, this unit is a valuable choice, leading the refrigeration industry toward greater efficiency and affordability.

In the fields of research and testing of new energy devices such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, a reliable and precisely structured battery case is of vital importance. The 304ss Meshed Coin Cell Cases CR20XX series, with its outstanding material properties, unique grid design and wide adaptability, has become the preferred solution for research institutions and enterprise laboratories.

304 Stainless Steel: Dual Guarantee of Performance and Stability

304ss (304 stainless steel) serves as the core material for the shell of the CR20XX series grid coin cell, forming the foundation for achieving excellent performance. This stainless steel contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel, belonging to the austenitic stainless steel family, and possesses three core advantages: corrosion resistance, mechanical stability, and chemical inertness.

In the battery testing environment, the electrolyte often has strong corrosiveness. Ordinary metal materials are prone to oxidation or dissolution, leading to battery shell leakage, short circuit, and even failure of the experiment. 304 stainless steel forms a dense oxide film through chromium elements, effectively resisting the erosion of electrolyte. Even when in contact with common electrolyte components such as carbonates and lithium hexafluorophosphate for a long time, it can still maintain structural integrity. At the same time, its tensile strength reaches 520 MPa, and the yield strength is approximately 205 MPa. During assembly, it is less likely to deform under the pressure of bolt tightening, ensuring the sealing performance of the battery shell.

More importantly, the chemical inertness of 304 stainless steel can prevent secondary reactions with electrode materials. During the migration of lithium ions, the shell will not release impurity ions that interfere with the battery's charging and discharging cycles, ensuring the accuracy of experimental data. This characteristic makes it particularly outstanding in scenarios requiring long-term cycle testing, providing researchers with a stable experimental benchmark.

Grid Structure: Innovative Design for Optimizing Mass Transfer and Heat Dissipation

The "Meshed" design of the CR20XX series is a key feature that distinguishes it from traditional coin cell casings and is the core competitiveness that sets it apart in high-performance testing. The grid structure is typically located at the bottom or sides of the casing and is formed by precisely laser-cutting uniform micron-sized holes, which not only maintain structural strength but also achieve three major functional breakthroughs.

Firstly, the efficiency of electrolyte infiltration is improved. The grid holes provide a rapid flow channel for the electrolyte, allowing the electrode materials to be fully infiltrated after assembly within a short period of time, reducing the testing waiting time caused by the slow diffusion of electrolyte in traditional sealed casings, especially suitable for research scenarios requiring frequent experiments. Secondly, the grid structure enhances the heat dissipation capacity of the battery casing. During high-rate charge and discharge tests, a large amount of heat is generated inside the battery, and the grid design increases the contact area with the external environment, accelerating heat dissipation and avoiding the impact on battery performance or potential safety hazards due to excessively high temperatures.

In addition, the grid structure provides the possibility for in-situ characterization experiments. In some research scenarios, real-time monitoring of electrode material changes is required through methods such as X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The grid holes can serve as a signal transmission window, enabling in-situ analysis without damaging the battery structure, providing convenience for material mechanism research.

CR20XX Series: A Model Matrix Tailored to Diverse Testing Requirements

The CR20 series is not a single model product but encompasses multiple sub-specifications to accommodate different electrode sizes and testing needs. The most common models include CR2016, CR2025, and CR2032. The suffixes after the numbers represent the diameter and thickness of the battery case (in mm), for example, CR2032 indicates a diameter of 20mm and a thickness of 3.2mm. This standardized size design is consistent with commercial button batteries, facilitating researchers to directly adopt the mature electrode preparation process.

There are differences in the structural details of the grid coin cell cases of different models. The CR2016 is thinner and is suitable for low-material-usage micro testing, reducing experimental costs; the CR2032 is thicker and has ample internal space, suitable for mounting thicker electrode sheets or composite structure devices, such as solid-state electrolyte batteries for testing. Additionally, some manufacturers also offer enhanced models with pressure relief valves. When the internal pressure of the battery rises abnormally, the pressure relief valve will automatically open to release the pressure, further enhancing the experimental safety.

It is worth noting that the grid cases of the same series maintain uniform compatibility in accessories. Whether it is CR2016 or CR2032, the accompanying gaskets, spring clips, sealing rings, etc. are interchangeable, reducing the complexity of laboratory material management. At the same time, the hole diameters and distribution densities of the grid structure are optimized according to the model to ensure consistent mass transfer and heat dissipation performance of different size cases, providing reliable condition control for comparative experiments.

Application scenarios: Full coverage from basic research to industrial testing

The application scenarios of the 304ss Meshed Coin Cell Cases CR20XX series have extended from university laboratories to the R&D centers of new energy enterprises, serving as an important bridge connecting basic research and industrial application. During the material research stage, researchers utilize its high sealing and chemical stability to test the electrochemical properties of new cathode materials (such as ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate) and anode materials (such as silicon-based anode, hard carbon). Through the efficient mass transfer characteristics of the grid structure, they can quickly obtain key data such as charge-discharge curves and cycle life.

In the optimization of the electrolyte system, this series also performs well. Whether it is liquid electrolyte, gel electrolyte or solid electrolyte, the grid shell can adapt to its testing needs: for liquid systems, the grid accelerates the infiltration of the electrolyte; for solid systems, its rigid structure can provide stable interface pressure, promoting ion conduction. In the research of solid-state batteries, the CR2032 model is often used to simulate the laminated structure of actual devices and evaluate the interface compatibility between the electrolyte and the electrode.

The quality inspection process in the industrial sector also cannot do without this series of products. Battery manufacturers use the CR20XX series grid shells to conduct random inspections of raw materials， quickly determining key indicators such as the uniformity of electrode paste coating and the thermal stability of the separator. The test results have a good correlation with the performance of mass-produced batteries， providing strong support for quality control on the production line. In addition， in battery recycling research， the grid shell facilitates disassembly and material recovery， reducing the cost of handling experimental waste.

The 304ss Meshed Coin Cell Cases CR20XX series, with its outstanding performance of 304 stainless steel, innovative grid structure design and a wide range of model options, provides a reliable carrier for the research and testing of new energy devices. Its advantages in corrosion resistance, mass transfer efficiency, and heat dissipation performance make it a key tool for connecting basic research and industrial applications. With the rapid development of new energy technology, this series will continue to be upgraded and improved, contributing more to the research and development of high energy density and high safety batteries. For researchers, a deep understanding of its performance characteristics and a reasonable selection of models will effectively enhance experimental efficiency and data reliability, and accelerate the industrialization process of new materials and new devices.

Batteries are key components in modern energy storage systems, widely used in various fields such as electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and large - scale energy storage. Electrochemical electrolytic cells, as devices that convert electrical energy into chemical energy, have a significant impact on battery research. They can be used to simulate the internal electrochemical processes of batteries, study the properties of electrode materials, and explore new battery systems, which are of great significance for promoting the development of battery technology.

1. Working Principle of Electrochemical Electrolytic Cells

An electrochemical electrolytic cell is composed of two electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte solution. When an external power source is connected, the ano de undergoes an oxidation reaction, and the cathode undergoes a reduction reaction. Cations in the electrolyte move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode, forming an internal ion - conduction path, while electrons flow in the external circuit, completing the electrochemical reaction process. For example, in an electrolytic cell with inert electrodes electrolyzing copper chloride solution, at the anode, chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas, and at the cathode, copper ions are reduced to copper metal.

2.Application in Studying Battery Electrochemical Reactions

2.1 Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis

Cyclic voltammetry is a common method using electrochemical electrolytic cells to study battery electrochemical reactions. By applying a cyclic - varying potential between the working electrode and the counter - electrode in the electrolytic cell, the current response is measured. This method can be used to determine the redox potential of electrode materials, study the reaction mechanism of electrode processes, and evaluate the reversibility of electrochemical reactions. For example, in the research of lithium - ion batteries, cyclic voltammetry can be used to analyze the lithium - ion insertion and extraction processes of positive and negative electrode materials, and to determine the optimal potential range for battery operation.

2.2 Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is another important technique. An alternating - current signal is applied to the electrolytic cell, and the impedance of the electrochemical system is measured at different frequencies. Through impedance analysis, information about the charge - transfer resistance, diffusion resistance, and double - layer capacitance of the electrode/electrolyte interface can be obtained. This is of great help for understanding the internal resistance of the battery, the ion - diffusion process in the electrode material, and the stability of the solid - electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. For instance, in the study of sodium - ion batteries, impedance spectroscopy can be used to analyze the influence of different electrolytes on the charge - transfer process of hard - carbon electrodes.

3. Application in Evaluating Electrode Materials

3.1 Screening of Positive Electrode Materials

Electrochemical electrolytic cells are widely used in the screening of positive electrode materials for batteries. Different metal oxides, phosphates, etc., can be used as positive electrode materials for testing. By comparing their electrochemical performance in electrolytic cells, such as specific capacity, cycle stability, and rate performance, excellent positive electrode materials can be selected. For example, in the research of lithium - ion batteries, electrolytic cells are used to test the performance of lithium cobaltate, lithium nickel - manganese - cobalt oxide (NMC), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) materials. The results show that LFP has the advantages of high safety and long - cycle life, while NMC has a higher energy density.

3.2 Research on Negative Electrode Materials

For negative electrode materials, electrolytic cells also play a crucial role. Take silicon - based negative electrode materials for lithium - ion batteries as an example. Due to their high theoretical specific capacity, they have attracted much attention, but they also face the problem of large - volume expansion. Through electrolytic cell experiments, the lithiation and delithiation processes of silicon - based materials can be studied, and methods to improve their cycle stability, such as coating and nano - structuring, can be explored. In addition, in the research of hard - carbon negative electrode materials for sodium - ion batteries, electrolytic cells can be used to study the influence of different anions in electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of hard - carbon, so as to optimize the electrolyte formula.

3.3 Evaluation of New Electrode Materials

With the continuous development of battery technology, new types of electrode materials are constantly emerging, such as sulfur - based materials for lithium - sulfur batteries and organic electrode materials. Electrochemical electrolytic cells provide a platform for evaluating their performance. By setting up appropriate electrolytic cell systems, the electrochemical properties of these new materials, including their specific capacity, coulombic efficiency, and rate performance, can be accurately evaluated, which is conducive to promoting their practical application.

4. Application in Battery Preparation and Optimization

4.1 Pre - lithiation/Pre - sodiumation Process

In lithium - ion and sodium - ion batteries, pre - lithiation and pre - sodiumation processes are important steps to improve battery performance. Electrochemical electrolytic cells can be used to realize these processes. For example, in the pre - lithiation of silicon - based negative electrodes, an electrolytic cell can be used to deposit a certain amount of lithium on the silicon electrode surface in advance, which can improve the first - coulombic efficiency of the battery and increase the capacity retention rate. In a study, through electrolytic pre - lithiation, the capacity retention rate of NMC111||Si full - cells in the 100th cycle was significantly increased from 54% to 78%.

4.2 Electrolyte Optimization

Electrochemical electrolytic cells can also be used to optimize electrolytes. By changing the composition, concentration, and additive of the electrolyte, and then testing the electrochemical performance of the battery in the electrolytic cell, the optimal electrolyte formula can be obtained. For example, by adding certain additives to the electrolyte, the stability of the SEI film can be improved, the charge - transfer resistance can be reduced, and the cycle performance of the battery can be enhanced.

5. Application in Waste Battery Recycling

5.1 Selective Extraction of Active Substances

With the large - scale application of batteries, the problem of waste battery treatment has become increasingly prominent. Electrochemical electrolytic cells can be used for the selective extraction of active substances in waste batteries. For example, inspired by the charging process of lithium iron phosphate positive electrode materials, electrochemical methods can theoretically achieve selective lithium extraction from waste lithium iron phosphate. Through the design of an appropriate electrolytic cell system, lithium ions in waste lithium iron phosphate can be extracted into the electrolyte under the action of an electric field, and then recovered through methods such as precipitation or ion - exchange, realizing the recycling of lithium resources.

5.2 Coupling with Hydrogen Production

In addition to the extraction of active substances, waste battery recycling can also be coupled with hydrogen production. For example, in a system using phosphomolybdic acid as a redox medium, while selectively extracting lithium from waste lithium iron phosphate, water in the cathode chamber is decomposed to produce hydrogen. This not only realizes the recycling of waste batteries but also produces clean energy hydrogen, which has good economic and environmental benefits.

6. Experimental Methods and Key Technologies of Electrochemical Electrolytic Cells in Battery Research

6.1 Cell Design and Assembly

According to different research purposes, appropriate electrolytic cell designs are required. Common ones include two - electrode cells and three - electrode cells. Three - electrode cells can more accurately measure the potential and current of the working electrode by introducing a reference electrode, which is suitable for in --depth research on electrode reactions. During cell assembly, attention should be paid to the selection of electrodes, electrolytes, and separators, as well as the control of assembly conditions to ensure the stability and repeatability of the experimental results.

6.2 Selection of Electrolytes and Electrodes

The selection of electrolytes is crucial for the performance of electrolytic cells. It is necessary to consider factors such as ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and compatibility with electrode materials. For example, organic electrolytes are commonly used in lithium - ion batteries, while aqueous electrolytes may be used in some sodium - ion batteries or aqueous battery systems. The electrode material should be selected according to the research object, and its particle size, morphology, and porosity will all affect the experimental results.

6.3 Data Acquisition and Analysis

During the operation of the electrolytic cell, a large amount of data such as potential, current, and impedance are generated. Professional electrochemical workstations are usually used for data acquisition. After data acquisition, appropriate data - analysis methods are required, such as fitting impedance data with an equivalent circuit model to obtain relevant electrochemical parameters, and analyzing cyclic voltammetry curves to study reaction mechanisms.

Electrochemical electrolytic cells have a wide range of applications in battery research, covering many aspects such as the study of electrochemical reactions, the evaluation of electrode materials, battery preparation and optimization, and waste battery recycling. Through the use of electrolytic cells, researchers can deeply understand the internal mechanisms of batteries, screen out excellent electrode materials and electrolytes, optimize battery preparation processes, and realize the recycling of waste batteries. With the continuous progress of battery technology, the role of electrochemical electrolytic cells will be more important, and they will provide strong support for the development of high - performance, low - cost, and environmentally friendly battery systems. In the future, with the continuous improvement of experimental methods and the development of new technologies, electrochemical electrolytic cells are expected to play a greater role in more new battery systems and research fields.

Structural Advantages and Energy Storage Potential of NVP

NVP Na3V2(PO4)3 powder belongs to the family of sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) materials, and its unique crystal structure endows it with a host of excellent properties. The framework of the NASICON structure forms stable sodium accommodation sites, while its open three-dimensional ion transport channels facilitate the rapid intercalation and deintercalation of sodium ions— a feature crucial for improving the charge-discharge rate and cycle stability of batteries. From a theoretical perspective, when used as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, NVP exhibits a high specific capacity and voltage platform. During the charge-discharge process, its crystal structure can effectively buffer the volume changes caused by the intercalation and deintercalation of sodium ions, thereby ensuring structural stability during long-term cyclic use. This makes NVP demonstrate great potential in meeting the demands of large-scale energy storage with low cost and high safety.

Research Progress in Enhancing NVP Performance

Despite its favorable intrinsic properties, NVP faces certain challenges, with low electronic conductivity being a key factor limiting its wider application. To overcome this obstacle, researchers have conducted extensive studies and achieved a series of remarkable results.

1.Surface Modification and Carbon Coating: Many research teams have adopted carbon coating technology for the surface modification of NVP. By uniformly coating a layer of nano-carbon on the surface of NVP particles, the surface conductivity of the material is significantly improved. For instance, a study utilized the sol-gel method to prepare uniformly carbon-coated NVP. Experimental results showed that this material exhibited excellent performance in aqueous zinc-ion batteries: it enabled efficient Zn²⁺ storage in high-concentration electrolytes and demonstrated an ultra-long cycle life. After 1000 cycles at an ultra-high current density of 2000 mA/g, the capacity retention rate remained at 77.8%, with a coulombic efficiency close to 100% per cycle. Carbon coating not only enhances electron transport capability but also protects NVP particles to a certain extent, reducing side reactions between NVP and the electrolyte, thereby improving the overall performance of the battery.

2.Ion Doping Strategy: Ion doping is an effective approach to improve the intrinsic electronic conductivity and ion diffusion kinetics of NVP. Researchers optimize the crystal and electronic structures of NVP by introducing specific doped ions (such as Al³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺) into its lattice. Taking Al³⁺ doping as an example, a research team from Nankai University successfully prepared Al³⁺-doped Na₃V₁.₉₇Al₀.₀₃(PO₄)₃ using MIL-53(Al) as the aluminum source via the high-temperature solid-state method. The incorporation of Al³⁺ optimized the crystal structure of NVP, leading to a significant increase in its electronic conductivity and sodium ion diffusion coefficient. Experimental data indicated that the Na₃V₁.₉₇Al₀.₀₃(PO₄)₃ cathode exhibited excellent performance at different rates: after 2000 cycles at 10C, the discharge specific capacity still reached 93.9 mAh·g⁻¹ with a capacity retention rate of 92%; even after 10,000 cycles at a high rate of 20C, it maintained a discharge specific capacity of 41.6 mAh·g⁻¹, with an average per-cycle decay rate of only 0.052‰, demonstrating extremely high cycle stability.

3. Morphology Regulation and Nanostructure Design:Precise regulation of NVP’s morphology and construction of nanostructures have also opened up new avenues for performance enhancement. For example, preparing NVP materials with porous structures or nanoscale sizes can increase the specific surface area and shorten ion diffusion paths, thereby improving the material’s reaction activity and kinetic performance. A study constructed porous NVP/reduced graphene oxide hollow spheres (NVP/rGO HSs) using a spray-drying strategy. Thanks to its unique porous hollow structure, this material exhibited a high reversible capacity of 116 mAh·g⁻¹ at 1C rate; at high rates of 10C and 20C, the capacities reached 107.5 mAh·g⁻¹ and 98.5 mAh·g⁻¹, respectively. Meanwhile, after 400 cycles at 1C, the capacity remained at 109 mAh·g⁻¹, and after 1000 cycles at 10C, it still retained 73.1 mAh·g⁻¹, showing excellent high-rate performance and stable cycle performance. Additionally, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests revealed that the sodium ion diffusion coefficient of NVP/rGO HSs was an order of magnitude higher than that of pristine NVP.

Application Exploration of NVP in Different Battery Systems

1.Sodium-Ion Batteries: Given that NVP itself is a sodium-containing material, its application in sodium-ion batteries has been extensively studied. As a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, NVP has a theoretical capacity of 117.6 mAh·g⁻¹ and an energy density of 401 Wh·kg⁻¹. However, the two-phase reaction (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ – Na₁V₂(PO₄)₃) during sodium ion deintercalation is hindered by low electronic and ionic conductivities, limiting its practical performance. To address this issue, researchers have adopted various modification methods (such as the aforementioned surface N-doping and carbon nanocage encapsulation (N-NVP/N-CN)), which effectively reduce the diffusion barrier of sodium ions from the bulk phase to the electrolyte, enhance intrinsic electronic conductivity, and release lattice stress. Experimental results showed that N-NVP/N-CN, as the cathode of sodium-ion batteries, exhibited specific capacities of 119.7 mAh·g⁻¹ and 75.3 mAh·g⁻¹ at 1C and 200C rates, respectively. More impressively, after 10,000 cycles at 20C, 40C, and 50C rates, the capacities remained at 89.0 mAh·g⁻¹, 86.2 mAh·g⁻¹, and 84.6 mAh·g⁻¹, respectively, demonstrating outstanding cycle stability and rate performance.

2.Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: In recent years, aqueous zinc-ion batteries have become a research hotspot in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their low cost, high safety, and environmental friendliness. Studies have found that NVP with a NASICON structure also shows application potential in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. In high-concentration electrolytes, NVP enables efficient Zn²⁺ storage and exhibits ultra-long cycle performance. Uniformly carbon-coated NVP prepared via a simple sol-gel method achieved a high discharge specific capacity of 100 mAh·g⁻¹ within the test voltage range of 0.5–1.8 V (vs. Zn²⁺/Zn), along with excellent rate performance and stable long-cycle capability. This discovery provides a new direction for the selection of cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries and is expected to promote the practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage.

3. Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors combine the advantages of high-energy batteries and high-power capacitors, while leveraging the abundant sodium resources, thus holding broad applicationprospects. A study reported a novel rocking-chair sodium-ion hybrid capacitor, using NVP/carbon composite nanofibers (NVP@CNF) as a binder-free cathode and SiO₂-templated hollow carbon nanofibers (HCNF) as a capacitive anode. Owing to its unique carbon-coated structure, the NVP@CNF cathode exhibited excellent rate performance (105.8 mAh/g at 0.5C and 66.9 mAh/g at 100C) and long-term cycle stability (98% capacity retention after 2000 cycles) in sodium half-cells. The prepared HCNF||NVP@CNF sodium-ion hybrid capacitor device achieved a high energy density of 216.4 Wh/kg at a power density of 381.8 W/kg; even when the power density was increased to 15,272.7 W/kg, the energy density remained as high as 123.0 Wh/kg (based on the total mass of active materials in the two electrodes). This achievement provides a new approach for designing various flexible self-supporting composite fiber electrodes and promotes the development of next-generation hybrid energy storage devices.

Future Outlook: Prospects and Challenges of NVP

With the deepening of research on NVP materials, their application prospects in lithium-ion batteries and other new battery systems have become increasingly broad. From theoretical research to practical application, NVP has demonstrated great potential as a high-performance energy storage material, promising to bring revolutionary changes to the field of energy storage and conversion in the future. However, to realize the large-scale commercial application of NVP materials, several challenges remain. On one hand, although various modification methods have improved NVP performance to a certain extent, further optimizing the preparation process, reducing costs, and ensuring the consistency and stability of material performance are key issues to be addressed. On the other hand, in-depth research and evaluation of the long-term stability and safety of NVP in complex battery systems are still needed. Additionally, with the continuous development of battery technology, new materials and technologies are emerging, and NVP needs to continuously innovate and make breakthroughs in fierce competition to maintain its competitive edge.

In conclusion, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP), as a material with a unique structure and excellent performance potential, has injected new vitality into the development of lithium-ion batteries and other energy storage batteries. It is believed that with the unremitting efforts of researchers, NVP materials will continuously overcome existing challenges, play an important role in the future energy field, and contribute to the achievement of global sustainable energy development goals.

In the high-stakes world of lithium-ion battery production, precision, speed, and reliability are not just desirable—they are absolutely critical. Every step in the manufacturing process, from electrode coating to final assembly, must be executed with flawless accuracy to ensure the safety, performance, and longevity of the final product.  One of the most pivotal steps in this chain is the sealing of the cylindrical battery cell. This is where the ZDFK700 Automatic Sealing Machine steps into the spotlight, serving as a cornerstone of modern, automated battery production lines.

 

What is the ZDFK700 Automatic Sealing Machine?

The ZDFK700 is a state-of-the-art, fully automated machine specifically engineered for the critical task of sealing the housings of cylindrical battery cells (such as the ubiquitous 18650, 21700, and 26650 formats). This process involves meticulously placing and crimping a battery's top cap assembly (which includes the safety vent, positive terminal, and insulating gasket) onto the battery's steel or aluminum canister.  This seal must be perfectly hermetic to prevent leakage of the electrolyte and to isolate the internal electrochemical components from the external environment, thereby ensuring cell safety and integrity.

 

Why is the Sealing Process So Crucial?

A imperfect seal is a recipe for failure. It can lead to:

 

Electrolyte Leakage: Causing the battery to dry out and fail prematurely.

 

Moisture Ingress: Even trace amounts of water entering the cell can cause catastrophic reactions, leading to gas generation, swelling, and thermal runaway.

 

Loss of Pressure: The internal safety vent is designed to activate at a specific pressure.  An improper seal can compromise this crucial safety mechanism.

 

Increased Internal Resistance: Affecting the battery's ability to deliver power efficiently.

 

The ZDFK700 is designed to eliminate these risks through unparalleled precision and consistency.

 

Key Features and Technological Advancements of the ZDFK700

1. Fully Automated Operation:

The ZDFK700 is designed for seamless integration into a continuous production flow.  It automatically accepts battery cans from a feeding system, performs the sealing operation, and then discharges the sealed cells to the next station (often a leak testing machine). This high level of automation minimizes human intervention, reduces labor costs, and drastically cuts down on human error.

 

2. High-Speed and High-Efficiency Production:

Speed is synonymous with profitability in mass production. The ZDFK700 is engineered for high-throughput manufacturing, capable of sealing hundreds of cells per minute (exact rates depend on the cell format and specific machine configuration).  This makes it an ideal solution for gigafactories and large-scale battery production facilities aiming to meet the soaring global demand.

 

3. Unmatched Precision and Consistency:

At the heart of the ZDFK700 is a precision crimping mechanism. Utilizing servo motors and advanced control systems, the machine applies a perfectly controlled force to create a uniform crimp around the entire circumference of the cell.  This ensures every single cell leaving the machine has an identical, hermetic seal, guaranteeing batch-to-batch consistency that is impossible to achieve with manual or semi-automated methods.

 

4. Exceptional Flexibility:

The market uses multiple cylindrical form factors. The ZDFK700 is often designed with quick-change parts and tooling, allowing production lines to switch between different cell sizes (e.g., from 18650 to 21700) with minimal downtime. This flexibility is invaluable for manufacturers producing a diverse range of battery products.

 

5. Integrated Quality Control Systems:

Modern manufacturing is about building in quality, not inspecting it in later. The ZDFK700 can be equipped with integrated vision systems and sensors to perform 100% in-process inspection. These systems can check for:

 

Presence of the top cap assembly

 

Correct alignment and orientation

 

Sealing height and diameter

 

Crimping depth and quality

Any defective cell can be automatically identified and rejected, preventing flawed products from moving down the line and wasting valuable resources.

 

6. Robust Data Tracking and Industry 4.0 Integration:

The ZDFK700 is not just a machine; it's a data hub. It can record and transmit critical production data in real-time, such as output counts, rejection rates, and machine status.  This connectivity allows for:

 

Predictive Maintenance: The system can alert operators to potential issues before they cause unplanned downtime.

 

Full Traceability: Every sealed cell's data can be logged, creating a digital record for the entire production batch.

 

Process Optimization: Data analytics can be used to fine-tune machine parameters for even better performance and yield.

 

7. Safety and Ergonomics:

The machine is built with comprehensive safety features, including protective guarding, light curtains, and emergency stop buttons, to ensure a safe operating environment for personnel.

 

The Impact on the Battery Industry

The adoption of advanced machinery like the ZDFK700 is directly fueling the growth of the electric vehicle (EV), consumer electronics, and energy storage system (ESS) markets. By enabling the mass production of safer, more reliable, and higher-performance cylindrical batteries at a lower cost, this technology is a key enabler of the global transition to sustainable energy.

 

Conclusion

The ZDFK700 Automatic Sealing Machine is far more than just a piece of factory equipment. It is a testament to the engineering excellence required to power the future. By delivering unmatched speed, precision, and intelligence in the most critical phase of battery assembly, it provides manufacturers with the confidence to scale their operations and meet the world's growing energy needs. For any serious player in the cylindrical battery market, investing in technology like the ZDFK700 is not an option—it is a necessity.

 

The automatic fabric air permeability meter is used to measure the air permeability of a variety of textile fabrics, including industrial fabrics, non-woven fabrics, sponges and other textile products and other breathable materials.

Main features of Fabric Air Permeability Tester:

1. High-definition color touch screen display, touch screen control, easy to operate.

2. The microcomputer calculates the test data, eliminating the need for manual conversion and table lookup.

3. Built-in thermal printer for quick printing of test results on site.

4. The nozzle can be automatically replaced according to the measurement range of each nozzle, and the test area can be automatically detected, making the operation simple and easy, with higher accuracy and efficiency.

5. It can be connected to a computer for operation, and the experimental curve can be automatically drawn, which is convenient for real-time viewing of the experimental data curve.

6. The machine microcomputer calculates the test data, eliminating the need for manual conversion and table lookup.

7. The sample fixing device is controlled by a cylinder. When the experiment starts, it automatically presses down to clamp the sample, and has sufficient clamping force to ensure the tight fit of the sample fixture.

8. The bracket of the instrument is made of cold-rolled steel plate directly stamped and formed, with plastic spraying on the surface, which is simple, beautiful, light and stable.

Operation interface

AVENO recommended product:

Automatic Air Permeability Tester AG18B

Any demand can be referred to us!

Sales Dept Tel: +86 15280858852

Email: sales@avenotester.com

Skype: sales@avenotester.com

Web: www.avenotester.com

The Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester is used to determine the wear resistance, pilling performance, and surface changes of woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, fleece fabrics, coated fabrics, and non-woven fabrics.

The principle of Martindale tester: Under a certain pressure, a circular fabric sample rubs against a standard abrasive along the Lissajous curve, causing damage to the sample. The wear resistance of the fabric is represented by the number of times the sample is damaged.

Abrasion: ISO 12947, ISO 17704, ISO 5470-2, ASTM D 4966, IWS TM 112, BS 2543, BS 3424-24, BS 5690, M﹠S P19, Next 18, SN 198529, TWC 112, JIS L 1096, GB/T 21196.2, GB/T 13775

Pilling: ISO 12945-2, ASTM D 4970, IWS TM 196, M﹠S P17, Next TM 26, SN 198525, GB/T 4802.2

Fabric Martindale Test Machine characteristics

1. Standard Lissajous Curve: Strictly ensure that the size curve meets the standard requirements (factory standard curve calibration pen).

2. The pressure plate is made of special aluminum alloy to ensure that it is not easily deformed after long-term use.

3. Needle roller bearings reduce the friction force on the guide rod. Each table is formed in one step using a CNC grinder to ensure that each workstation is on the same plane and that the test results at each workstation are consistent.

4. Different tests can be conducted according to different standard requirements

5. The heavy hammer and key components are made of stainless steel, with a beautiful appearance and durability.

6. Color touch screen, easy to operate.

7. There are two counting methods, positive counting and negative counting, and each workstation can be individually locked.

8. Driven by servo motor, it runs smoothly without noise.

AVENO recommended product:

Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester  AG04

Any demand can be referred to us!

Sales Dept Tel: +86 15280858852

Email: sales@avenotester.com

Skype: sales@avenotester.com

Web: www.avenotester.com

1. After the test is completed, clean the Water Cool Light Fastness Tester and control system and clean the equipment regularly.

2. Check the condition of the machine regularly to maintain the integrity of all parts and components.

3. Maintain temperature and humidity stability to prevent damage to the machine and control system caused by high temperature, excessive humidity, dust, corrosive media, water, etc.

4. For parts prone to rust, apply anti-rust oil and check them regularly.

5. The Light Fastness Tester (water-cool) has been calibrated before leaving the factory. Non-professionals are not allowed to calibrate it at will.

6. Non-professionals are not allowed to dismantle the machine at will. After each dismantling and repair, measurement and performance calibration must be carried out to avoid affecting the accuracy of the test.

7. No unauthorized modification of the machine is allowed during its use.

8. The filter should be cleaned regularly. Any traces left on the mirror surface should be wiped off with a very soft cloth. If there are stains on the quartz glass tube, it can be cleaned with hydrochloric acid, and the infrared and ultraviolet filters can be cleaned with 20% citric acid.

9. Since dust in the air will contaminate the glass and affect the efficiency of the lamp in irradiating the sample, it needs to be cleaned every 3 to 4 weeks of use.

10. Clean the air filter regularly, preferably by blowing it with compressed air or dry brushing it with a soft-bristle brush.

11. When the xenon arc lamp has worked for 1000-1500 hours and the filter has worked for 1000 hours, in order to avoid irradiance deviation caused by device aging, new accessories must be replaced (depending on the attenuation of the light source).

12. In order to avoid irradiance deviation caused by device aging, the xenon arc lamp should be replaced with a new one after working for 1000-1500 hours and the filter should be replaced after working for 1000 hours (depending on the attenuation of the light source).

13. To ensure the normal operation of the Light Fastness Test Chamber, the water level in the water tank must be checked regularly. When not in use for a long time, the water should be drained cleanly. When draining, first lead the plastic pipe connected to the manual reversing valve at the outlet of the water pump out of the chassis, put the pipe mouth away from the instrument and fix it properly (to avoid getting the instrument wet), pull up the reversing valve handle, turn on the power switch, and the water will be automatically drained. After draining, return the reversing valve handle to its original position (flat to the right).

AVENO recommended product:

Light Fastness Tester (water-cool)  AC02

Any demand can be referred to us!

Sales Dept Tel: +86 15280858852

Email: sales@avenotester.com

Skype: sales@avenotester.com

Web: www.avenotester.com

Weather Fastness Tester is essential to understand the expected performance of a product and to make informed decisions about its use and application. Lightfastness Tester (Air Cooled) is primarily used to determine the color stability and durability of fabrics, dyes, pigments and other materials when exposed to light.

Do you want to know more about the Air-cool Light Fastness Tester?

Principle:

The specimen is exposed to controlled light levels, typically using a xenon arc lamp as the light source. The intensity, wavelength and duration of the exposure can be precisely adjusted to the required testing standards and requirements. This allows for accurate and repeatable testing, ensuring consistent results that can be used to predict how a material will perform in the real world.

Standards

JIS L0843, GB/T 16422.1, GB/T 14576, GB/T 9344, GB/T 8427, GB/T 1189, GB/T 8430, ISO 105-B02/B04, AATCC TM16, M&S C09/C09A, ASTM G26, G155, ASTM D2565 D4459 D6695

AVENO recommended product:

Light Fastness Tester (air-cool) AC01

Any demand can be referred to us!

Sales Dept Tel: +86 15280858852

Email: sales@avenotester.com

Skype: sales@avenotester.com

Web: www.avenotester.com